18 combination are initially measured at cost. The cost of an intangible asset acquired in a business combination is its fair value as at the date of acquisition. Following initial recognition, intangible assets are carried at cost less any accumulated amortisation and any accumulated impairment losses. Internally generated intangible assets, excluding capitalised development costs, are not capitalised and expenditure is recognised in profit or loss in the year in which the expenditure is incurred. The useful lives of intangible assets are assessed to be either finite or indefinite. Intangible assets with finite lives are amortised over the useful life and tested for impairment whenever there is an indication that the intangible asset may be impaired. The amortisation period and the amortisation method for an intangible asset with a finite useful life is reviewed at least at each financial year-end. Changes in the expected useful life of the expected pattern of consumption of future economic benefits embodied in the asset are accounted for prospectively by changing the amortisation period or method, as appropriate, which is a change in accounting estimate. The amortisation expense on intangible assets with finite lives is recognised in profit or loss in the expense category consistent with the function of the intangible asset. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are tested for impairment annually either individually or at the cash-generating unit level consistent with the methodology outlined for goodwill above. Such intangibles are not amortised. The useful life of an intangible asset with an indefinite life is reviewed each reporting period to determine whether indefinite life assessment continues to be supportable. If not, the change in the useful life assessment from indefinite to finite is accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate and is thus accounted for on a prospective basis. IMPAIRMENT OF NON-FINANCIAL ASSETS OTHER THAN GOODWILL AND INDEFINITE LIFE INTANGIBLES Goodwill and indefinite life intangibles are not subject to amortisation and are tested annually for impairment or more frequently if events or changes in circumstance indicate that they might be impaired. Non-financial assets other than goodwill and indefinite life intangibles are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. The Group conducts an annual internal review of asset values, which is used as a source of information to assess for any indicators of impairment. External factors, such as changes in expected future processes, technology and economic conditions, are also monitored to assess for indicators of impairment. If any impairment indicators exist, an estimate of the asset’s recoverable amount is calculated. An impairment loss is recognised for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. Recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less cost of disposal and value in use. For the purposes of assessing impairment, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are separately identifiable cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets (cash-generating units). Non-financial assets other than goodwill that suffered an impairment are tested for possible reversal of the impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the impairment may have reversed. TRADE AND OTHER PAYABLES These amounts represent liabilities for goods and services provided to the Group prior to the end of the financial period which are unpaid and arise when the Group becomes obliged to make future payments in respect of the purchase of these goods and services. The amounts are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Amounts are unsecured and are usually paid within 60 days of recognition. INTEREST BEARING LOANS AND BORROWINGS All loans and borrowings are initially recognised at the fair value of the consideration received less directly attributable transaction costs. After initial recognition, interest-bearing loans and borrowings are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Fees paid on the establishment of loan facilities that are yield related are included as part of the carrying amount of the loans and borrowings. Borrowings are classified as current liabilities when the Group: (a) expects to settle the liability in its normal operating cycle; (b) holds the liability primarily for the purpose of trading; (c) the liability is due to be settled within twelve months after reporting period; or (d) does not have the wight at end of the reporting period to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting period Borrowing costs Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset (i.e., an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale) are capitalised as part of the cost of that asset. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the period they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connection with the borrowing of funds. CONTINGENT LIABILITIES A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events and its existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the Group, or a present obligation that arises from past events but is not recognised because it is not probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; or the amount of the obligation cannot be measured with sufficient reliability. If the likelihood of an outflow is remote, the possible obligation is neither a provision nor a contingent liability and no disclosure is made. Contract performance guarantees issued by the parent company on behalf of the group companies are calculated based on the probability of draw down.
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